Nearly 660 kilometers (410 miles) beneath Earth's surface lies one of the planet's most important internal boundaries. Known ...

Far below your feet, nearly 1,800 miles beneath oceans and continents, Earth carries two massive scars from its violent youth. They are so large they rival continents in size, yet no human will ever ...

Earth’s deep interior still shapes the world above your feet. Water trapped far below the surface helps control how rocks move, melt, and recycle through the mantle. Some of that water carries a ...

When the supercontinent Pangea began to fragment around 200 million years ago during the Early Jurassic, it reshaped the face of the planet. Vast new oceans opened, continents drifted apart and the ...

Millions of years before blue oceans and wandering continents, the Earth in its early days was a molten, tumultuous planet — a roiling mixture of rock and metal condensing within the nascent solar ...

Far below the oceans and continents we know, Earth’s deep mantle appears to have stored far more water in its early history than scientists once imagined. New experimental work on high‑pressure ...